According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder and the most common cause of dementia, a group of symptoms that affect memory, thinking, and social skills so severely that they interfere with daily life. The disease gradually diminishes cognitive function, eventually causing individuals to lose the ability to perform even simple tasks. It is characterized by abnormal buildup of proteins in and around brain cells—amyloid-beta and tau, which are key players in the disease’s progression. Amyloid-beta plaques form between nerve cells, disrupting communication and triggering inflammation. Tau tangles develop inside neurons, impeding the transport of essential nutrients. These changes cause neurons to lose connections, malfunction, and die, resulting in brain shrinkage and cognitive decline.

The initial signs of Alzheimer’s disease typically include mild forgetfulness and confusion. As the disease advances, symptoms may develop into:

  • Memory loss impacting daily routines
  • Difficulty in planning or solving problems
  • Difficulty finishing familiar tasks
  • Disorientation of time or location
  • Changes in mood, behavior, or personality.
  • Problems with language, such as finding the right word
  • Poor judgment and poor decision-making

In its later stages, individuals may lose the ability to communicate clearly, recognize loved ones, or take care of themselves.

The most significant known risk factor for Alzheimer’s is advanced age, although it is not a normal part of aging. Other risk factors include family history and genetics, cardiovascular health problems, history of head trauma, and lifestyle factors such as physical inactivity and poor diet.

There is no single test for Alzheimer’s disease. Diagnosis depends on a thorough medical history, physical and neurological exams, cognitive tests, and brain imaging. In some cases, blood or cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, as well as genetic testing, can help with diagnosis.

There is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but recent advances have provided new hope. Treatments usually focus on managing symptoms, slowing the disease’s progression, and supporting caregivers. In recent years, several drugs targeting the underlying disease process — such as those addressing amyloid-beta plaques — have been developed and approved, with more therapies in the research pipeline.

A diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease affects not only those with the condition but also their families and caregivers. Supportive services, therapies, and planning can improve quality of life and help manage challenges as the disease advances. Alzheimer’s disease remains an active area of research, with ongoing efforts to better understand its causes, find earlier ways to diagnose it, and develop more effective treatments. Learn more about the latest Alzheimer’s treatments at https://tinyurl.com/yj3rczx4.

September is Alzheimer’s Awareness Month. If you would like to participate in the Walk to End Alzheimer’s this year, visit https://act.alz.org/site/PageServer.