By Kelly Cardamone, DCN, MS, RDN, LDN, CDN, CDCES, IFNCP, FAND 
 

GLP-1 medications are increasingly used as part of comprehensive treatment plans for diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic health concerns. Although these therapies can be effective, they work best when combined with appropriate nutrition, regular physical activity, and ongoing medical care. GLP-1 therapies act on hormone pathways involved in blood sugar regulation and appetite, prompting the body to release insulin when blood sugar rises, slowing digestion, and reducing hunger. Many people taking a GLP-1 medication feel satisfied with smaller portions, find it easier to manage food intake, and say it quiets the “food noise.” GLP-1 medications include Ozempic®, Wegovy®, Mounjaro®, Zepbound®, and Orforglipron.

Healthcare providers may consider GLP-1 treatment for type 2 diabetes, obesity, certain cardiovascular risks, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), an aggressive form of fatty liver disease. Treatment decisions depend on a person’s health history, current medications, treatment goals, and potential complications. These medications are not appropriate for everyone and should be prescribed and monitored by a qualified professional. Digestive symptoms are among the most common concerns, especially during the first several weeks of treatment or after a dose increase. Nausea, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, bloating, dizziness, and significantly decreased appetite may occur. Low blood sugar is more likely when someone eats too little or takes other glucose-lowering medications. Severe, persistent, or unusual symptoms should be reported promptly.

Nutrition becomes especially important when appetite decreases. Patients should focus on making each meal as nourishing as possible rather than simply eating less. Adequate protein helps preserve muscle, and resistance training supports strength and a healthy body composition. Fluids are also essential, particularly for people experiencing vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. Smaller meals may be easier to tolerate than large portions. Lean proteins, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans, yogurt, eggs, and broth-based soups can provide valuable nutrients without feeling overly heavy. Individual protein and calorie needs vary, so patients should follow personalized guidance. For many patients, a multivitamin or other supplements may be needed when food intake is very limited to ensure adequate nutrition. 

A registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) can help develop a practical eating plan, manage side effects, monitor hydration and protein intake, and support sustainable behavior changes. Professional guidance can also help patients navigate restaurants, family gatherings, cultural foods, emotional eating, and changing appetite patterns without imposing unnecessary restrictions. 

Appetite changes may occur quickly, but improvements in weight and overall health often develop gradually. Progress should be measured by more than the number on a scale. Better blood sugar control, increased energy, improved sleep, easier movement, reduced joint strain, and greater confidence in daily activities may all be meaningful benefits. GLP-1 treatment is often part of long-term chronic care rather than a short-term solution. Patients should attend follow-up appointments, discuss side effects, and consult their healthcare provider before changing or stopping medication. Nutrition, hydration, strength training, and medical monitoring remain important throughout treatment.
 

Kelly Cardamone is the Nutrition and Diabetes Program Manager for General Physician. For information on nutrition counseling, weight management, or diabetes education, call 716-748-4000.