By Annette Pinder

What is H5N1 Avian Influenza?

We’ve all been hearing a lot about the H5N1 avian influenza virus and the price of eggs. Commonly known as bird flu, H5N1 is a highly pathogenic virus characterized by proteins that bind to host cells causing the release of new viral particles. H5N1 is so lethal, that it can cause sudden death in birds within 48 hours of infection. Symptoms in birds include respiratory distress, decreased egg production, swelling of the head and neck, diarrhea, and hemorrhages on the skin and internal organs. More than 160 million birds have been killed since 2022, driving egg prices sky high. The problem is now escalating, as we are also hearing about H5N1 affecting cattle, cats, pigs, and humans.

H5N1 in Humans and Cattle.

Despite 70 documented human cases of the virus, there are no known instances of human-to-human transmission, but scientists think it’s just a matter of time. In cattle, bird flu can cause a decrease in milk production, abnormal milk appearance, reduced feed intake, lethargy, dehydration, and fever. In humans, symptoms can include mild respiratory illness to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, multi-organ failure, and death. The emergence of a new strain called D1.1 in cattle has been identified as a potential risk for more severe disease in humans. Preventive measures include maintaining strict biosecurity protocols in poultry farms, culling infected or exposed birds, and minimizing contact between wild and domesticated birds. Public health experts say we must focus on early detection, isolate cases, and educate communities on safe practices to prevent infection.

Vaccines.

A Critical Tool in Fighting H5N1. Although there are vaccines for poultry, their use is limited due to trade restrictions imposed by countries that do not import vaccinated birds. Moderna currently has a human preventive vaccine, but lack of FDA licensing and current government funding cuts are preventing its use. Also, farm workers, particularly those who are undocumented, are reluctant to undergo testing for fear of being deported, exacerbating the challenge of controlling the virus’s spread. However, the USDA’s milk testing program offers hope in ensuring safer dairy products, as pasteurization can kill the virus present in raw milk.

A Global Response is Crucial.

The global response to H5N1 requires collaboration among nations, health organizations, and research institutions. Surveillance, rapid response to outbreaks, development of effective vaccines, and international trade policies are integral to managing the virus. While the prior administration was slow to acknowledge the threat of H5N1, new layoffs of hundreds of federal scientists and health workers have further complicated efforts. As the virus continues to evolve, proactive measures and sustained funding for research and public health initiatives are essential.

In conclusion, the H5N1 avian influenza virus remains a significant threat due to its high pathogenicity, ability to infect various species, and potential to cause severe illness in humans. Understanding its transmission, impact, and preventive measures is crucial for safeguarding public health and ensuring economic stability in the face of this persistent and evolving virus. Learn more at https://tinyurl.com/4wcutzfp.