by Steven Rood, DO

Each year, hundreds of thousands of women and people assigned female at birth are diagnosed with cervical cancer. The World Health Organization states that cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women around the globe, with about 660,000 new cases reported in 2022.

What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer begins on the surface of the cervix, the part of the female reproductive system where the vagina meets the uterus. Human papillomavirus infection (HPV), which spreads through sexual contact, is to blame for almost all cases of cervical cancer.

Preventing cervical cancer.

HPV and Pap tests are critical for diagnosing the disease. Routine Pap tests should begin at age 21 and be repeated every few years. The primary approach to preventing HPV infection and cervical cancer is the HPV vaccine. The vaccine should be administered prior to sexual activity at 11 to 12 years of age, and as early as age 9. Catch up vaccination is recommended for individuals up to age 26 who have not completed the vaccine series. Those ages 26 or older should discuss the vaccine with their physician. However, all women should speak with their OB/GYN about testing and other preventative measures that are best for their situations.

Symptoms of cervical cancer.

According to the National Cancer Institute, cervical cancer may not cause any initial symptoms. When initial symptoms of early-stage cervical cancer do occur, they may include vaginal bleeding after sex; vaginal bleeding after menopause; vaginal bleeding between periods or periods that are heavier or longer than normal; vaginal discharge that is watery and has a strong odor, or that contains blood; and pelvic pain or pain during sex. Advanced cervical cancer symptoms can include difficult or painful bowel movements or bleeding from the rectum when having a bowel movement; difficult or painful urination or blood in the urine; dull backache; leg swelling; abdominal pain; and fatigue.

Types of cervical cancer.

Cervical cancers are named after the type of cell where the cancer started. The two main types of cervical cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Ninety percent of all cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which develop from cells in the ectocervix. Adenocarcinomas develop in the glandular cells of the endocervix and are less common.

Risk factors for cervical cancer.

Fortunately, some risk factors for cervical cancer are within a person’s control. Those who have regular Pap tests, which detect precancerous cells, are less likely to get cervical cancer. Factors that increase risk for cervical cancer include having multiple sexual partners, smoking, breathing in second-hand smoke, obesity, certain reproductive factors, and a long-lasting persistent HPV infection. An HPV infection that lasts for a number of years can lead to changes in the cervical cells, resulting in a precancerous lesion which can lead to cervical cancer.

Steven Rood, DO is an OB/GYN with General Physician, PC who is currently accepting new patients. To make an appointment, call 716-656-4077. Learn more about Women’s Health services at General Physician, PC at www.gppconline.com.